Dr. \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi H\u00fclya SEM\u0130Z T\u00dcRKO\u011eLU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nlar her d\u00f6nemde, hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda verdikleri m\u00fccadelelerle g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hem kendi m\u00fccadelesiyle hem de t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131yla Selma R\u0131za Feraceli de bunun en iyi \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanzimat d\u00f6neminin ilk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n gazetecisi ve roman yazarlar\u0131ndan olan Selma R\u0131za Feraceli, 1872’de \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 \u015eura-y\u0131 ve Meclis-i \u00c2yan \u00fcyelerinden Ali Bey, annesi ise Avusturyal\u0131 Macar as\u0131ll\u0131 bir ailenin \u0130slamiyet\u2019e ge\u00e7mi\u015f k\u0131z\u0131 N\u00e2ile Han\u0131m\u2019d\u0131r. 7 \u00e7ocuklu ailenin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcyesi olan Selma R\u0131za Feraceli, iyi hocalardan e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler hareketine kat\u0131lan Abisi Ahmed R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n durumundan etkilenen Selma R\u0131za Feraceli, ailesinden bile gizlenerek k\u0131yafet de\u011fi\u015ftirip abisinin yan\u0131na Fransa\u2019ya gitmi\u015f; G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Frans\u0131zca bilgisiyle Sorbornne \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne devam etmi\u015f ve hatta orada e\u011fitim alan ilk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 10 y\u0131la yak\u0131n s\u00fcre ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Paris\u2019te \u0130ttihat ve Terakki F\u0131rkas\u0131’n\u0131n tek kad\u0131n \u00fcyesi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00fclkemizin ayd\u0131nlanma yoluna katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Selma R\u0131za Feraceli gazetecili\u011fe, \u0130stibdat d\u00f6neminde korku salan Me\u015frevet gazetesinde ba\u015flad\u0131. Ahmet R\u0131za ve Halil Ganim Bey\u2019in kendi paralar\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda h\u00fcrriyet ve e\u015fitli\u011fi savunan Me\u015frevet gazetesi k\u0131sa zamanda J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk\u2019lerin sesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Frans\u0131zca \u201cDan\u0131\u015fma\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Me\u015frevet gazetesi \u00f6nceleri ayda iki kez yay\u0131nland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Bahaeddin \u015eakir ve Samipa\u015fazade Sezai\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015euray-\u0131 \u00fcmmet gazetesinde de yaz\u0131yordu. Samipa\u015fazade Sezai Selma R\u0131za Feraceli\u2019yi \u201cKad\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tac\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendiriyordu. Selma R\u0131za, 1908’de II. Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130stanbul’a d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Yurda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra gazetecilik yapmad\u0131 ancak sosyal hayatta rol almaya devam etti. Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan\u0131ndan sonra yeniden te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 Hilal-i Ahmer (K\u0131z\u0131lay) Cemiyeti’inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca genel sekreterlik yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazete ve Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131 gibi yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yay\u0131mlad\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Osmanl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in okullar a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 u\u011frunda m\u00fccadele etti. Meclis-i Mebusan reisi olan a\u011fabeyi Ahmed R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n da \u00f6n ayak olmas\u0131yla Kandilli\u2019deki Adile Sultan Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk yat\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131z lisesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1899 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u201csosyal hayatta kad\u0131n\u201d konusu \u00fczerine yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparak kendisinden \u00f6nce bu konu hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan eserleri okumu\u015ftur. Alanda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015fta Frans\u0131z yazar ve Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn de arkada\u015f\u0131 olan Claude Farr\u00e8re (1876-1957) ile d\u00f6nemin edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve sosyologlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6vg\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uhuvvet roman\u0131nda, Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fen sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131 daha \u00e7ok aile ve kad\u0131n ekseni \u00fczerinde trajik bir \u00f6yk\u00fcyle i\u015flemi\u015f; toplumsal ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitli\u011finin her alanda sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitilmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Bu eserinde cariyelik, esaret, Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma sorunu, g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc usul\u00fc evlilik, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 ve sosyal hayata kar\u0131\u015fma imkan\u0131, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n okutulmas\u0131 gibi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de halen sorun olarak devam eden konular \u00fczerine de\u011finen Selma R\u0131za Feraceli, asl\u0131nda karde\u015flik ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi roman\u0131nda, e\u015fitsiz k\u0131z karde\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fini ele alarak toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kad\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc irdelemi\u015ftir. \u00dclkemizin en \u00f6nemli kad\u0131n \u015fahsiyetlerinden olan Selma R\u0131za Feraceli, 59 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken -\u015eubat 1931 tarihinde- hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n gazeteci olan Selma R\u0131za Feraceli\u2019nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok ses getiren dergi ve gazetelerde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok kad\u0131n\u0131n sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan durumu \u2018H\u00fcrriyet\u2019, \u2018\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u2018 gibi konular \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131yla toplumu bilin\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tanzimat D\u00f6neminde yeni fikir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin geni\u015f halk kitlelerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda devrin gazetelerinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Tanzimat ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 gazeteye ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nem vermi\u015fler ve bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede hem edebi hem de siyasi yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 gazetelerde yay\u0131mlayarak toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fime katk\u0131da bulunmak ad\u0131na halk\u0131 ellerinden geldi\u011fi kadar ayd\u0131nlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Selma R\u0131za Feraceli gibi kad\u0131n yazarlar bas\u0131n yay\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir seviyeye gelmesinde yads\u0131namaz bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n toplum i\u00e7indeki konumu, Tanzimat d\u00f6neminin en temel tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Selma R\u0131za Feraceli’yi m\u00fccadelesini hayat\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, siyasi, toplumsal hayatta kad\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011funu ispatlamak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok somut ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Selma R\u0131za Feraceli gazetecili\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir edebi kaleme de sahiptir. \u0130ki roman yazar. Ancak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirler gibi romanlar\u0131 da yay\u0131mlanmaz. Hen\u00fcz 20 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, 1892 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUhuvvet (Karde\u015flik)\u201dadl\u0131 roman\u0131 ancak 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda dili sadele\u015ftirilerek K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Maddi yetersizlikler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yay\u0131mlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 roman\u0131nda kad\u0131n sorununa de\u011finmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlar her d\u00f6nemde, hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda verdikleri m\u00fccadelelerle kad\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hem kendi m\u00fccadelesiyle hem t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilk T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n gazetecimiz Selma R\u0131za Feraceli’yi sayg\u0131 ve rahmetle an\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayta\u00e7, BEDRETT\u0130N. \u201cThe Question of Women in the Works of Selma Riza and May Ziadeh\u201d, Orient am Scheideweg, Verlag Dr. Kovac, (Edt.by. Martin Tamcke), Hamburg 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayta\u00e7, G\u00dcRSEL. \u201cT\u00fcrk Roman\u0131nda Feminist S\u00f6ylem\u201d. T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi 4. Cilt. Ed. Tal\u00e2t Sait Halman. Ankara: K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n