{"id":15003,"date":"2021-05-18T02:25:02","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T23:25:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=15003"},"modified":"2021-06-03T12:43:10","modified_gmt":"2021-06-03T09:43:10","slug":"salgin-icinde-salgin-infodemi-komplo-teorileri-ve-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/2021\/05\/18\/salgin-icinde-salgin-infodemi-komplo-teorileri-ve-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"Salg\u0131n \u0130\u00e7inde Salg\u0131n: \u0130nfodemi, Komplo Teorileri ve Covid 19"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r. Tansu AKDEM\u0130R<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan beyninin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tahayy\u00fcl etmekte zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in zihnin kendine alan a\u00e7mas\u0131 gerekir. H\u0131z, de\u011fi\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm gibi kavramlar\u0131n \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz belirsizlikleri de beraberinde getirir ve zihin kendini g\u00fcvensiz bir ortam i\u00e7inde bulur. Tam olarak bu g\u00fcvensizlik ortam\u0131nda beyin g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi a\u015fmak i\u00e7in kendine inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck form\u00fcller bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7ok az girdi ile \u00e7ok keskin sonu\u00e7lar elde etmek ister. \u0130\u015fte komplo teorileri de insanlar\u0131n tarihteki a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz ve gizemli olaylar\u0131 anlamland\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Hofstadter, 1966). \u015eeytani ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olan bir grup k\u00f6t\u00fc insan\u0131n eylemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in tasarlad\u0131klar\u0131 gizli ve \u00e7ok etkili uluslararas\u0131 bir komplo a\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik inanca dayanan bu teoriler birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7im alabilir. Edinsel \u0130mm\u00fcn Yetmezlik Sendromu (AIDS)\u2019nun ger\u00e7ekten insan kaynakl\u0131 bir hastal\u0131k olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ABD ve SSCB aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan uzay sava\u015flar\u0131nda 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda aya ger\u00e7ekten ayak bas\u0131l\u0131p bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi bir dizi spesifik olay d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda birden fazla \u00fclkeyi ve zaman dilimini kapsayan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sistemden bahseden teoriler de mevcuttur. Bunlar\u0131n en yayg\u0131n olan\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gizemli fig\u00fcrlerden olu\u015fan gruplar (Illuminati), g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bankac\u0131l\u0131k gruplar\u0131 veya amac\u0131 \u2018yeni bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni\u2019 kurmak olan d\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00fcresel elit taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcren komplo teorileridir. Komplo teorilerinde san\u0131ktan kan\u0131ta gidilir, sadece iyiler ve k\u00f6t\u00fcler vard\u0131r, bir avu\u00e7 k\u00f6t\u00fc insan b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 y\u00f6netmektedir. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hastal\u0131klarda, sava\u015flarda, krizlerde \u2018bu durum kimin i\u015fine yar\u0131yor?\u2019 sorusu sorulur. B\u00fct\u00fcn kan\u0131tlar d\u00fcnyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten bu k\u00f6t\u00fc gruplar\u0131n elinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yok edilir. B\u00f6ylece komplo teorisyenleri herhangi bir kan\u0131ta da ihtiya\u00e7 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n belirledikleri san\u0131klar \u00fczerinden kan\u0131tlara ula\u015f\u0131r. Madem hakikat \u00f6nemlidir ve bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131labilir bir \u015fey de\u011fildir o zaman alan\u0131nda uzman bir profes\u00f6r ve hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilmeyen bir insan aras\u0131nda da bir fark yoktur. Her \u015feyin bir yorumdan ibaret oldu\u011fu bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te komplo teorisyenin yorumu de do\u011fru olabilir. 11 Mart 2020\u2019de D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn k\u00fcresel bir salg\u0131n olarak ilan etti\u011fi koronavir\u00fcs hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olarak Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019in Wuhan kentinde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. O zamandan beri, COVID-19, milyonlarca laboratuvar onayl\u0131 vaka ve y\u00fcz binlerce \u00f6l\u00fcmle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131. A\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2020 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131na kadar spesifik bir tedavisi bulunmayan hastal\u0131kla ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k yetkililerinin tavsiyesi seyahat k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131, uzaktan e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ilmesi, sosyal mesafe, el y\u0131kama ve maske takma gibi ila\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleleri benimsemektir. Bu acil durum \u00f6nlemleri rahats\u0131z edici olsa da, sosyal mesafenin ve maske kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n viral par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n solunum damlac\u0131klar\u0131 yoluyla yay\u0131lma riskini en aza indirirken (Leung vd., 2020) \u00f6nceki influenza pandemilerinde enfeksiyon oranlar\u0131n\u0131 ve mortaliteyi azaltmada ve geciktirmede tarihsel olarak etkili oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ahmed vd., 2018). B\u00f6ylesi bir kriz d\u00f6neminde hastal\u0131kla ilgili bilinenlerin belirsizli\u011fi ise komplo teorilerine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fin koronavir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir biyolojik silah oldu\u011fu, geli\u015ftirilen a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavi etmekten \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcmleri artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 ve insan geneti\u011fini bozaca\u011f\u0131, 5G teknolojilerinin vir\u00fcs\u00fc yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb. komplo teorileri ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Komplo teorileri karma\u015f\u0131k konular i\u00e7in kolay bir a\u00e7\u0131klama sunarken insanlar\u0131n bili\u015fsel karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan kurtulma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de y\u0131llard\u0131r cazibesini korumaktad\u0131r. Komplo teorileri halk\u0131n dikkatini hayali tehlikelere y\u00f6nlendirerek ger\u00e7ek tehditlerden uzakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olurken (Eco, 2014) salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin belirsizlikler de yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiyi beslemekte, pandeminin \u015fiddeti artt\u0131k\u00e7a yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, frekans\u0131 ve kapsam\u0131 da geni\u015flemektedir. 15 \u015eubat 2020\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen M\u00fcnih G\u00fcvenlik Konferans\u0131\u2019 nda D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, \u201cSadece bir salg\u0131nla sava\u015fm\u0131yoruz; infodemi ile de m\u00fccadele ediyoruz\u201d diyerek infodemi kavram\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizce information(bilgi) ve pandemic(salg\u0131n) s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin birle\u015ftirilmesiyle t\u00fcretilen infodemi kavram\u0131 bir salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan -kimi do\u011fru kimi yanl\u0131\u015f- bilgi fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmekte bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle hen\u00fcz belirli bir tedavisi veya a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olmayan, kolayca yay\u0131lan ve yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131\u011fa benzetilebilir. Bir salg\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde insanlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131r ancak bu yay\u0131lma sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir bu da insanlar\u0131n salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcvenilir bilgi ve rehberli\u011fi bulmalar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar salg\u0131nlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek, kendilerini, ailelerini ve sosyal \u00e7evrelerini enfeksiyona kar\u015f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in do\u011fru bilgiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. \u0130nfodeminin y\u00f6netimi sosyal medya platformlar\u0131nda birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 ileti\u015fim kanallar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bilginin h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcketilmesi ile daha da zorla\u015f\u0131r. Dijital mecralar\u0131n infodemideki rol\u00fcn\u00fc, kullan\u0131c\u0131 tecr\u00fcbesini, do\u011fru ve g\u00fcvenilir bilgi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayan online bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada (Akademi, 2020) ki\u015filerin %27\u2019sinin g\u00fcnde en az bir yanl\u0131\u015f haber ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yine ayn\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada en fazla ak\u0131lda kalan ve etkileyici yalan haber\/bilgilerin \u00f6zellikle \u2018vir\u00fcsle ilgili detaylar\u2019 dan (%48) ve \u2018riskin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019 (%42) ile ilgili bilgi ve haberlerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n haberlere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re grupland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir gruplama ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ki\u015filerin %38\u2019inin\u2018\u00e7ok fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmay\u0131p kendi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyanlara inand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmadan ki\u015fisel yarg\u0131larla karar vermek, ki\u015filerin yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi \/ habere inanma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran bir unsur olabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen ki\u015filerin %36\u2019s\u0131 da hem tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ile hem de di\u011fer bilgi \/ haberlerle kontrol edip, en son kendi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na uyanlara inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada komplo teorileri ve infodeminin kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen ki\u015filerin %26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n pandemi s\u00fcresince gelen bir bilgiye g\u00fcvenmese bile en az bir kez ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ile payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki veri olmu\u015ftur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, yanl\u0131\u015f haberlerin dola\u015f\u0131mda olmas\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran bir unsur olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u2018Hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kontrol etmeden kendi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na uydu\u011fu i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc veriye inananlar\u2019\u0131n (%38) \u00e7ok yo\u011fun olmas\u0131 nedeniyle yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kabul edilmesi de daha fazla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Belirsizli\u011fin e\u015flik etti\u011fi bilgiye olan ihtiya\u00e7 ile infodemi ve komplo teorileri do\u011fru bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple, bilgilerin-haberlerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n, yay\u0131n &#8211; i\u00e7erik tarihini, bilgilerin resmi &#8211; bilimsel kurum a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ile \u00e7eli\u015fip \u00e7eli\u015fmedi\u011fini kontrol etmenin, gelen bilginin do\u011frulu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00e7mek ad\u0131na do\u011frulama platformlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanman\u0131n sadece salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k ile de\u011fil infodemi ile de m\u00fccadelenin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fu d\u00f6nemlerde hayat kurtarmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yararlan\u0131lan Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ahmed, F., Zviedrite, N., &amp; Uzicanin, A. (2018). Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 18:518. DO\u0130: 10.1186\/s12889-018-5446-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Akademi, T. (2020). Salg\u0131n Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. TRT Akademi, Salg\u0131n Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1-249. Retrieved from https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/pub\/trta\/issue\/56933\/800818.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report \u2013 86. World Health Organization. 2020 Apr 15. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200415-sitrep-86-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=c615ea20_6 [eri\u015fim:26.02.2021]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eco, U. (2014). A Theory of Conspiracies. Livemint. Available at: https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/5lhODHqqZHUCqwOZcw2liL\/Umberto-Eco\u2013A-theory-of-conspiracies.html (eri\u015fim: \u015eubat 18, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eysenbach, G. How to Fight an Infodemic: The Four Pillars of Infodemic Management J Med Internet Res. 2020; 22(6): e21820. DOI: 10.2196\/21820<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hofstadter, R. (1966). \u201cThe paranoid style in American politics,\u201d in The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays, ed R. Hofstadter (New York, NY: Knopf), 3\u201340.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leung, N. H. L., Chu, D. K. W., Shiu, E. Y. C., Chan, K.-H., McDevitt, J. J., Hau, B. J. P., et al. (2020). Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat. Med. 26, 676\u2013680. doi: 10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tangcharoensathien V, Calleja N, Nguyen T, Purnat T, D\u2019Agostino M, Garcia-Saiso S, et al. Frameworkfor Managing the COVID-19 Infodemic: Methods and Results of an Online, Crowdsourced WHO Technical Consultation. J Med Internet Res. 2020; 22(6):e19659. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19659\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19659<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health Organization. Infodemic management: a key component of the COVID-19 global response. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2020;95(16): 145-160&nbsp; https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/331775<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsan beyninin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tahayy\u00fcl etmekte zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in zihnin kendine alan a\u00e7mas\u0131 gerekir. H\u0131z, de\u011fi\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm gibi kavramlar\u0131n \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz belirsizlikleri de beraberinde getirir ve zihin kendini g\u00fcvensiz bir ortam i\u00e7inde bulur. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":15005,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1515,35],"tags":[1547,1548],"class_list":["post-15003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kose-yazilari","category-yasam","tag-infodemi","tag-komplo-teorileri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15003"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15003\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}