{"id":22094,"date":"2023-12-28T15:44:52","date_gmt":"2023-12-28T12:44:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=22094"},"modified":"2023-12-28T15:44:53","modified_gmt":"2023-12-28T12:44:53","slug":"siyasi-ve-askeri-bir-efsane-napoleon-bonaparte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/2023\/12\/28\/siyasi-ve-askeri-bir-efsane-napoleon-bonaparte\/","title":{"rendered":"Siyasi ve Askeri Bir Efsane: Napoleon Bonaparte"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edit\u00f6r: Sevgi \u015eahin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fta Avrupa daha sonra D\u00fcnya tarihinde, gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck komutanlardan biri olarak iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olan Napoleon Bonaparte, Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde en etkili akt\u00f6rlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. Aslen Korsikal\u0131 bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan Napoleon\u2019un askeri kariyerinden siyasi kariyerine uzanan hayat\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1769: Korsika\u2019da Do\u011fan Bir Efsane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769 y\u0131l\u0131nda Korsika Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ajaccio kentinde d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Babas\u0131, Frans\u0131z saray\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 soylu olarak kabul g\u00f6rmekteydi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan bu yana askerli\u011fe ilgi duyan Napoleon, Fransa\u2019ya giderek askeri okula kaydoldu ve soylu olmas\u0131 vesilesiyle burslu olarak okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6\u011frenim bursuna ra\u011fmen Fransa\u2019da maddi zorluklar ya\u015fad\u0131 ve okulu normal s\u00fcreden daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bitirerek Frans\u0131z ordusunda top\u00e7u birli\u011fine terfi etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1789: Devrimin Ate\u015fi ve Napoleon\u2019un Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z Devrimiyle birlikte t\u00fcm Fransa\u2019da kaos ortam\u0131 hakim olunca Napoleon dahil pek \u00e7ok asker \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda cereyan eden isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirildi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu isyan dolu d\u00f6nemde Napoleon\u2019un isyanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 olan \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131, Fransa\u2019da \u015f\u00f6hretinin artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca 1795 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marsilyal\u0131 zengin bir t\u00fcccar\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 olan Bernardin\u00e9 Eug\u00e9nie D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary ile ni\u015fanland\u0131. Fakat o d\u00f6nem Paris\u2019te isyanc\u0131larla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma halinde olan Napoleon, tesad\u00fcfen tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2013 o d\u00f6nem evli bir kad\u0131n olan – Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais\u2019e a\u015f\u0131k oldu. Bu a\u015fk sebebiyle Desir\u00e9e Clary ile olan birlikteli\u011fini sonland\u0131rd\u0131 ve Josephine ile nikah k\u0131yd\u0131. Nikah\u0131ndan iki g\u00fcn sonra o d\u00f6nem Fransa\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015fta oldu\u011fu \u2013 ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya, Prusya gibi devletlerin \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u2013 I. Koalisyon Devletleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 Alpler Ordusu Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131. Cephede art arda ba\u015far\u0131lar kazanan Napoleon, Koalisyon Devletlerini bar\u0131\u015fa zorlayarak Fransa\u2019ya destans\u0131 bir zafer kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Y\u0131llar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koalisyona kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lan zaferin ard\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin mutlak g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmak ad\u0131na \u0130ngiliz ana karas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karma yapmay\u0131 planl\u0131yordu. Fakat Napoleon, denizlerde etkili olunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130ngilizlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rman\u0131n yararl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu politika ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerin Uzak Do\u011fu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine giden yol olan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek \u0130ngilizleri daha da zora sokacakt\u0131. Bu fikrini Frans\u0131z D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri\u2019ne kabul ettiren Napoleon, 1798\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r seferi esnas\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019de devriye halinde olan \u0130ngiliz Donanmalar\u0131n\u0131 bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131ktan sonra ayn\u0131 hat \u00fczerinde olan Malta Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Napoleon Bonaparte, akabinde \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye demir att\u0131. \u0130skenderiye\u2019yi kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131ktan sonra Kahire\u2019ye do\u011fru hareket eden Napoleon, her ne kadar Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 olsa da fiilen Meml\u00fck beylerinin idaresinde olan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede hakimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131. B\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra yerel halka ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle yakla\u015ft\u0131. Napoleon, kendini \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n dostu olarak tan\u0131tt\u0131, okul ve hastaneler a\u00e7t\u0131, gazete yay\u0131mlatt\u0131, sulama projeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. M\u0131s\u0131r halk\u0131 ona olan sevgisi sebebiyle kendisine \u201cAli Bonapart\u201d demeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat bu olumlu s\u00fcre\u00e7 fazla uzun s\u00fcrmedi ve \u0130ngilizlerin \u0130skenderiye\u2019deki Frans\u0131z donanmas\u0131n\u0131 yok etmesi Napoleon\u2019un ikmal ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kesti. Bununla birlikte zamanla Napoleon\u2019un politikalar\u0131 da sertle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Halk\u0131n kendisine olan sevgisinin azalmas\u0131yla, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar cami \u00f6nlerinde bir araya gelerek isyan bayra\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130syanlar\u0131 kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131ran Napoleon, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmaya karar verdi ve y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc Do\u011fu\u2019ya \u00e7evirdi. Amac\u0131 \u0130ndus\u2019a vararak \u201cDo\u011fu \u0130mparatoru\u201d olmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Do\u011fu\u2019ya do\u011fru sefere \u00e7\u0131karken Akka yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgenin amiri olan Cezzar Ahmet Pa\u015fa ve ordular\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen Napoleon, Cezzar Ahmet Pa\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ald\u0131. O s\u0131ralarda Frans\u0131z topraklar\u0131nda yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamakta oldu\u011fu haberini duyan Napoleon, Paris\u2019e d\u00f6nmeye karar verdi ve ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r ve civar\u0131nda b\u0131rakarak iki gemilik m\u00fcrettebat ile Paris\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Paris\u2019e var\u0131r varmaz \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki darbe haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na kat\u0131lan Napoleon, 1799 y\u0131l\u0131nda mevcut h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirdi ve cumhuriyet g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc diktat\u00f6r bir rejim ilan etti. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ordunun da ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7erek sava\u015f\u0131n Fransa lehine d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flad\u0131 ve sava\u015ftan galip geldi. Meclisteki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun da deste\u011fini arkas\u0131na alarak \u00fclke i\u00e7inde birtak\u0131m reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Merkez Bankas\u0131n\u0131 kurdu, devlet okullar\u0131 a\u00e7arak e\u011fitimi kamusalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131, Frans\u0131z Medeni Hukuku\u2019nun yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1801 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vatikan ile konkordato imzalayarak laiklik ad\u0131na \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1804\u2019te \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki kralc\u0131lar\u0131n komplo d\u00fczenleyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek kendisini \u201c\u0130mparator\u201d ilan edip mutlakiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Bu durum zamanla kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 olan antipatinin y\u00fckselmesine sebep oldu ve pek \u00e7ok diplomat, b\u00fcrokrat ve asker kendisi ile olan irtibat\u0131n\u0131 kesti. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde de Napoleon\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckselen muhalif sesler, III. Koalisyon\u2019un kurulmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu sefer \u00f6ncelikle Britanya Adas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karma yapmay\u0131 planlayan Napoleon, Trafalgar Muharebesinde \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde ma\u011flup edilince oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131\u2019na \u00e7evirdi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Bavyera, Avusturya ve Prusya \u00fczerinden art arda zaferlerle Rus topraklar\u0131na kadar ula\u015fan Napoleon, Tilsit Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalayarak Ruslar\u0131 ma\u011flup etti. K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok yeri egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alan Napoleon Bonaparte, ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 ve Rus idaresinde bulunan Yedi Ada \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni de topraklar\u0131na dahil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napoleon\u2019un Gerileme D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n V. Koalisyon\u2019u kurmaya karar vermesiyle Fransa bir kez daha sava\u015fa girmi\u015f oldu. Bavyera topraklar\u0131nda Avusturya ordusu ile kanl\u0131 muharebelere giren Napoleon, a\u011f\u0131r zayiatlara ra\u011fmen galip geldikten sonra Moskova\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerledi. Borodino\u2019da Rus ordular\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen Napoleon ve ordusu, Ruslar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 imkanlar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla geri \u00e7ekilmesi sonras\u0131 cephede galip geldi. Ard\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya girmeden Moskova\u2019ya giren Napoleon, k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131 sebebiyle ordunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve Paris ile olan irtibat\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi kendisini olduk\u00e7a zora soktu. Bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde zorlanan ve Paris\u2019e geri d\u00f6nmeye karar veren Napoleon, Paris\u2019e geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fczergah boyunca irili ufakl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 galip gelse de Leipzig\u2019de kendisinden iki kat b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Koalisyon ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hezimete u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. Yap\u0131lan antla\u015fma gere\u011fi Elba Adas\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra gizlice Paris\u2019e geri d\u00f6nen Napoleon Bonaparte, halk\u0131n deste\u011fini de arkas\u0131na alarak kendini ikinci kez imparator ilan etti. Ma\u011flubiyetlerinin intikam\u0131n\u0131 alma amac\u0131yla Br\u00fcksel\u2019de bulunan Waterloo kasabas\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. Girdi\u011fi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma sonucu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi alan Napoleon Bonaparte, \u0130ngiliz kuvvetlerine teslim oldu. Taraflarca imzalanan Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince Napoleon, \u0130ngiliz idaresinde bulunan St. Helena Adas\u0131\u2019na s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efsanevi Bir Hikayenin Hazin Bir Sonu: St. Helena Adas\u0131 ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Hayat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

St. Helena\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclen Napoleon, son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00fccra adada ge\u00e7irdi. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda bireysel olarak \u0130ngilizce \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta ac\u0131lar \u00e7ekti\u011fini, ate\u015finin \u00e7ok y\u00fckseldi\u011fini fakat vali ile aras\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fundan yard\u0131m edilmedi\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda, mide kanserinden oldu\u011fu tahmin edilerek, hen\u00fcz 51 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy Edit\u00f6r: Sevgi \u015eahin Ba\u015fta Avrupa daha sonra D\u00fcnya tarihinde, gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck komutanlardan biri olarak iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olan Napoleon Bonaparte, Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde en etkili akt\u00f6rlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. Aslen Korsikal\u0131 bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan Napoleon\u2019un askeri kariyerinden siyasi kariyerine uzanan hayat\u0131: 1769: Korsika\u2019da Do\u011fan Bir Efsane Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769 y\u0131l\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":22105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"double-sidebar","sidebar":"single-left","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"1"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,2085],"tags":[2824,742],"class_list":["post-22094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-manset-haber","tag-napoleon-bonaparte","tag-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22094"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22094\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}