{"id":22453,"date":"2024-01-24T14:51:27","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T11:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=22453"},"modified":"2024-01-24T14:51:28","modified_gmt":"2024-01-24T11:51:28","slug":"gecmisten-gunumuze-batinin-zihninde-turk-imaji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/2024\/01\/24\/gecmisten-gunumuze-batinin-zihninde-turk-imaji\/","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Bat\u0131’n\u0131n Zihninde T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edit\u00f6r: Ya\u011fmur Sertkaya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ki\u015finin yahut milletin zihninde canlanan tasvir olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan imaj kavram\u0131, ans\u0131z\u0131n olmaktan ziyade belli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olay ve olgular\u0131n etkisiyle bireysel veya toplumsal olarak zihinlerde olu\u015fur. Tarih boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ya\u015fanan hadiseler zincirinde Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kolektif belle\u011finde geli\u015fen \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip. Do\u00e7 Dr. Esra \u00d6zs\u00fcer\u2019in \u201cT\u00fcrkokratia: Avrupa\u2019da T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin T\u00fcrkler hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEmeviler \u0130le Birlikte \u0130slam\u2019a Dair \u0130lk \u0130zlenimler Olu\u015ftu\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

MS 650\u2019li y\u0131llarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131 ile Kuzey Afrika y\u00f6n\u00fcnde topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmesi \u00fczerine Bat\u0131 toplumu zihnindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman imaj\u0131n\u0131n temelleri olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu. 711 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tar\u0131k bin Ziyad\u2019\u0131n Vizigot Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ma\u011flup ederek Avrupa\u2019ya ad\u0131m atmas\u0131yla Avrupa toplumunda Arap M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 korku hissiyat\u0131 y\u00fckseldi. MS 732\u2019de, Franklar\u0131n Emevileri Puvatya\u2019da durdurmas\u0131 ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kuvvetlerin Avrupal\u0131lar \u00fczerindeki psikolojik tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Fakat feodal sistemin getirdi\u011fi gelir adaletsizli\u011fi, Avrupa topraklar\u0131ndaki siyasal ile toplumsal \u00e7eki\u015fmeler ve b\u00f6lgedeki \u201cDo\u011fu\u201d tasvirleri, Avrupa insan\u0131nda Do\u011fu topraklar\u0131na dair b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merak olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnadolu \u00dczerinden \u0130n\u015fa Edilmeye Ba\u015flanan T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklu T\u00fcrklerinin Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015fmesi ile birlikte Avrupal\u0131lar ilk kez T\u00fcrkleri bir d\u00fc\u015fman olarak kabul etti. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan yurt edinilmesi ve bunun ard\u0131ndan Bizans direncinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkler ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n zihninde d\u00fc\u015fman olarak yer ald\u0131. 1096 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papa II.Urbanus\u2019un Avrupal\u0131lara kutsal topraklar olan Kud\u00fcs\u2019e cihat \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 ile Avrupal\u0131lar ilk kez T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topraklar\u0131nda bulunarak tam anlam\u0131yla b\u00f6lgeyi yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Eski\u015fehir, Konya, Mersin, Antakya \u00fczerinden Kud\u00fcs\u2019e vard\u0131ktan sonra ba\u015fta Kud\u00fcs olmak \u00fczere Antakya ve Urfa\u2019da da krall\u0131k kurdular ve b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyas\u0131nda siyasi olarak da varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XII. yy sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00fcnl\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Komutan Selahaddin Eyyubi\u2019nin Ortado\u011fu topraklar\u0131nda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 art arda zaferler ve neticesinde b\u00f6lgedeki Hristiyan g\u00fcc\u00fcn bertaraf edilmesi Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Yava\u015f yava\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk kuvvetlerinin yenilmez olduklar\u0131na dair inan\u00e7lar\u0131n \u015fekillendi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019dan y\u00fckselen ve Anadolu ile Do\u011fu Avrupa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dayanan Mo\u011fol tehdidi Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda etkisini fazlas\u0131yla g\u00f6sterecek ve b\u00f6lge i\u00e7erisindeki siyasi birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131tacakt\u0131. 1240 K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan darmada\u011f\u0131n olan Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti pek \u00e7ok beyli\u011fe b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve say\u0131s\u0131z siyasi karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara sahne olmu\u015ftu. Sel\u00e7uklulardan ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden beyliklerden biri olan Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda yay\u0131lmac\u0131 bir politika izleyerek g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hep Bat\u0131\u2019ya \u00e7evirecek ve b\u00f6ylelikle Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kolektif belle\u011finde derin izler b\u0131rakacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1100\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llardan sonra h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan \u0130slamiyet inanc\u0131 Do\u011fu\u2019da Hindistan\u2019a, Endonezya\u2019ya ve hatta \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzand\u0131. Bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 din adamlar\u0131 \u0130slamiyeti ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fclemek amac\u0131yla pek \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ekd\u0131\u015f\u0131 eserler yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, en ba\u015fta kas\u0131tl\u0131 ya da kas\u0131ts\u0131z bir \u015fekilde Bat\u0131\u2019da \u0130slamiyet \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 ve putperest bir inan\u00e7 bi\u00e7imi olarak tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bir Bizans eserinde \u0130slamiyet inanc\u0131nda, kas\u0131tl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmemekle beraber, \u201cAllah, yuvarlak bir \u015fey\u201d \u015feklinde bir hurafe ile tan\u0131mland\u0131. Orta \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde \u0130slamiyet\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok hurafeler ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlardan biri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kutsal olarak kabul ettikleri Kabe\u2019de yer alan Hacer\u2019\u00fcl Esved Ta\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n asl\u0131nda bir Yunan Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olan Afrodit\u2019in heykelinin ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve daha sonra heykelinin ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131narak bir \u015fekilde siyaha boyanarak Mekke\u2019ye getirildi\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bu ta\u015fa tapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edildi. Bununla beraber Bat\u0131l\u0131 din adamlar\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kutsal kabul etmesini bile Hacer\u2019\u00fcl Esved\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131yor, bunun sebebi olarak da Roma kaynaklar\u0131nda Afrodit olarak ge\u00e7en \u201cVen\u00fcs\u201d\u00fcn Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015faret etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya Ayak Basmas\u0131 \u0130le T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam \u0130majlar\u0131 Daha \u00c7ok Bir Tutulmaya Ba\u015fland\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1352 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7impe Kalesi\u2019nin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile Avrupa topraklar\u0131na ayak basan Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri 1364 S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 1389 I. Kosova Muharebeleri ile T\u00fcrklerin kolay kolay Avrupa\u2019dan at\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. 1396 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n koalisyon kurdu\u011fu, hatta sava\u015f halindeki \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ate\u015fkes ilan ederek Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Koalisyonuna dahil oldu\u011fu, Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131 ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n kudretini tescilledi. 1453\u2019te Fatih\u2019in Konstantinopolis\u2019i 1 ay 3 hafta 2 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren bir ku\u015fatman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan fethetmesi ile Avrupa\u2019da tam anlam\u0131yla \u201cKorkun\u00e7 T\u00fcrk\u201d imaj\u0131 \u015fekil buldu. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde T\u00fcrklerin Avrupal\u0131lara sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 korku Avrupal\u0131larda gizliden gizliye hayranl\u0131k yaratt\u0131. Bu da \u0130ncil\u2019de ge\u00e7en K\u0131z\u0131l At\u2019\u0131n (Y\u0131k\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 Mele\u011fi) T\u00fcrklere benzetilmesi ve bu K\u0131z\u0131l At\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcnahkar Hristiyanlardan Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 alacakm\u0131\u015f \u015feklinde olmas\u0131 ile yorumland\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrklerin bu korkun\u00e7 ve yenilmez hali Avrupal\u0131larda Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunun yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde bir alg\u0131ya da vesile oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIV. ve XV. yy.da T\u00fcrklerin siyasi ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc Avrupal\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ilim ve bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz fikirlere sahip olmas\u0131na sebep oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Siena Piskoposu Enea, Fatih\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019u Fethi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bize olan \u00f6fkesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden T\u00fcrkler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysak buna neden hayret ediyoruz? Tanr\u0131 biz g\u00fcnahkarlar\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin Konstantinopolis\u2019i istilas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131rd\u0131.\u201d \u015eeklinde yorumlarda bulundu. Daha sonra II. Pius olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ecek olan Siena Piskoposu Enea Silvio Piccolomoni, ayn\u0131 zamanda Helen topraklar\u0131 olarak bilinen bu b\u00f6lgenin T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesini \u201cBu, Homeros ve Platon\u2019un ikinci \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eimdi T\u00fcrk \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f tepemize.\u201d diyerek \u201cKorkun\u00e7 T\u00fcrk\u201d imaj\u0131n\u0131 desteklercesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n politik tutumu zamanla T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n belli bir oranda birle\u015fmesine neden oldu. Bilhassa S\u00fcnni \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n sancaktarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, gitgide Balkanlarda geni\u015flemekte ve \u201cYenilmez\u201d olan imaj\u0131n\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekteydi. Kanuni\u2019nin Girit hari\u00e7 Ege Adalar\u0131n\u0131 hakimiyeti alt\u0131na almas\u0131 ve Balkanlarda Belgrad\u2019\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katarak Viyana\u2019ya dayanmas\u0131 ile Avrupa\u2019daki tela\u015f daha da y\u00fckseldi. 1526 Moha\u00e7 Meydan Muharebesi\u2019nde Macaristan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan destans\u0131 zafer Avrupa\u2019da \u201cBarbar T\u00fcrk\u201d imaj\u0131n\u0131 iyice zihinlere yerle\u015ftirse de korkulan, yenilmeyen ve durdurulamayan T\u00fcrkler; Avrupa \u00fczerine yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu karizmatik alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ciddi anlamda ilk kez 1529 y\u0131l\u0131nda Viyana\u2019da sars\u0131lacakt\u0131. O d\u00f6nemin siyasi merkezi olan Viyana\u2019da ma\u011flup olan Osmanl\u0131 askerleri Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ilk kez \u201cAcaba onlara kar\u015f\u0131 galip gelebilir miyiz?\u201d sorusunu ak\u0131llara getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYenilmez T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131 Kayboluyor\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Hristiyan n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte birini olu\u015fturan Protestan mezhebinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Alman teolog Martin Luther, Avrupa siyasi tarihinde ziyadesiyle \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemece imza atarak adeta ta\u015flar\u0131 yerinden oynatt\u0131. 1529 y\u0131l\u0131nda, I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi y\u0131lda, yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrkler \u00dczerine\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde T\u00fcrkler hakk\u0131nda bu korkun\u00e7 imaj \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde birtak\u0131m iddialar ortaya att\u0131. T\u00fcrkleri; \u201c\u0130sa Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Papa ve onu destekleyenlerin i\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n cezas\u0131 olarak Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kendilerinin \u00fcst\u00fcne sal\u0131nan bir topluluk olarak tan\u0131mlayan Luther, Hristiyan tebaas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnah i\u015flemeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin de Avrupa sahnesinden silinece\u011fini iddia ediyordu. Luther\u2019in Protestanl\u0131k mezhebini Avrupa\u2019da yaymaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve zamanla bir\u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 devletin Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesi ile beraber Avrupa\u2019daki son din sava\u015f\u0131 olan Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1618-1648) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek ve sava\u015f sonunda imzalanacak Vestfalya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Avrupa Devletlerinin siyasi kariyerinde \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1683 y\u0131l\u0131nda Viyana\u2019da tekrar sava\u015fa girmesi ve ma\u011flup olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Kutsal Roma-Cermen, Lehistan, Rusya, Venedik, Malta ve Papal\u0131k Koalisyonundan olu\u015fan Kutsal \u0130ttifak ile girdi\u011fi 16 y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015ftan da a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi al\u0131nca imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1699) ile \u201cYenilmez T\u00fcrk\u201d imaj\u0131na en sa\u011flam darbeyi ald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1517 \u0130nebaht\u0131, 1529 I.Viyana 1683 II.Viyana Yenilgileri ve son olarak 1699 Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile beraber \u201cYenilmez T\u00fcrk\u201d imaj\u0131n\u0131 kademe kademe sarsan ve Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ilk defa y\u00fckl\u00fc miktarda toprak kaybeden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019daki siyasi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ciddi anlamda zarar verdi. \u00d6zellikle 1700\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llardan sonra Bat\u0131l\u0131 seyyahlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerinden Do\u011fu\u2019ya seyahatler d\u00fczenlemesi ve b\u00f6lgede sosyolojik g\u00f6zlemleriyle Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i izlenimler ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zellikle XVIII. Yy itibariyle Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yava\u015f yava\u015f kaybetmesi ile Avrupa\u2019da Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan \u201cbarbar\u201d imaj\u0131 da etkisini az da olsa kaybetti. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Frans\u0131z ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olan Voltaire, \u201cT\u00fcrkler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve \u00d6tekiler\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde \u00f6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve sert ele\u015ftirilerin aksine daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ifadelere yer verdi. \u201cBask\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmakla beraber, Yunanl\u0131lar esir muamelesi g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcrler, hakirdirler, fakat rahats\u0131z edilmezler. Ticaretle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r, tarlalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Vergileri pek hafiftir. Patriklerine \u00e7ok ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Patrik de onlardan kim bilir ne kadar para s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131yor ki, Bab\u0131\u00e2liye her y\u0131l d\u00f6rt bin Duka alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyebiliyor.\u201d, \u201c\u015eimdi burada yanl\u0131\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015fla sava\u015fmak gere\u011fini duymaktay\u0131z; T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin sa\u00e7ma ve m\u00fcnasebetsiz oldu\u011fu, uluslar\u0131n mal ve canlar\u0131yla, topyek\u00fbn padi\u015fah\u0131n k\u00f6lesi say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia ediliyor. B\u00f6yle bir idare kendili\u011finden \u00e7\u00f6kerdi. T\u00fcrkler h\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131rlar. Aralar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131f fark\u0131 yoktur. Yaln\u0131z devletteki g\u00f6revleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla birer r\u00fctbeleri olabilir. Karakterleri hem sert ve dik ba\u015fl\u0131, hem de yumu\u015fak ve sab\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130skitlerden, yumu\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Yunanistan ve Asya’dan alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Gururlar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir.\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu Avrupa devletlerinden hi\u00e7birine benzemez fakat oradaki kanunlar\u0131n bir ki\u015finin keyfi \u00fczerine kitleleri as\u0131p kesmeye elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek hatad\u0131r. Bizler \u00f6yle san\u0131yoruz ki, bir \u00e7avu\u015f, eline bir hatt\u0131 \u015ferif (padi\u015fah buyru\u011fu) alarak \u015fehirdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn aile reislerinden, padi\u015fah ad\u0131na k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 ve paralar\u0131n\u0131 toplayabilir.\u201d ve son olarak \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn tarih\u00e7ilerimiz, T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011funu istibdada dayanan bir devlet olarak g\u00f6stermekle bizi \u00e7ok aldatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d \u015eeklindeki ifadeleri ile Osmanl\u0131 idaresine ve tebaas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u00f6ncesinde oldu\u011fundan daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDa\u011f\u0131lma D\u00f6nemi \u0130le Beraber \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck Hepten Kaybedildi\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara geldi\u011fimizde Avrupa tahayy\u00fcl\u00fcndeki Osmanl\u0131 imaj\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bamba\u015fka bir hal ald\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Bat\u0131 Avrupa K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kolektif belle\u011finde aktif bir bi\u00e7imde yer alan olumsuz T\u00fcrk imaj\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda Balkan co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki gayrim\u00fcslim tebaaya da yay\u0131ld\u0131. O d\u00f6nem Viyana\u2019da bulunan ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Rum n\u00fcfustan olu\u015fan pek \u00e7ok zengin gayrim\u00fcslim t\u00fcccar, ayd\u0131n ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131; ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ihti\u015fam\u0131ndan eser kalmayan ve adeta \u201chasta adam\u201d durumuna d\u00fc\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 devletinden ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kendi uluslar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etme iste\u011finde bulundular. \u00dcst tabakan\u0131n bu arzusu zaman i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6lgede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen misyonerlik faaliyetleri ile alt tabakaya da a\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgede kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgedeki halk\u0131 saman alt\u0131ndan provoke etmesiyle ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 isyan 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mora\u2019da Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. 8 y\u0131l s\u00fcren b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rumlar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan ilk devlet oldu. B\u00f6ylelikle Osmanl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lma yolunda ilk tecr\u00fcbesini edinmi\u015fken 1815\u2019ten bu yana Avrupal\u0131 devletler taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilen \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u015eark Meselesi, T\u00fcrkleri Avrupa\u2019dan bertaraf etmek olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken zamanla di\u011fer Balkan uluslar\u0131n\u0131n da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesi ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Viyana s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan Edirne b\u00f6lgesine kadar geriledi.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919\u2019da ba\u015flayan ve 1923\u2019te Cumhuriyetin \u0130lan\u0131 ile T\u00fcrklerin ba\u015fka bir devletin boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131na alman\u0131n olduk\u00e7a zor oldu\u011funu anlayan Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler, XX. yy.dan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinden Do\u011fu imaj\u0131n\u0131 kolektif belle\u011finde revize etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Do\u011fulu milletler de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Bat\u0131l\u0131lar gibi kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 T\u00fcrkler \u00fczerinden tasvir etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca T\u00fcrkler adeta bir \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201d konumuna geldi. D\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc sanat\u00e7\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f Man\u00e7o, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda BBC ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir r\u00f6portajdaki \u201cDo\u011fulular i\u00e7in Bat\u0131l\u0131y\u0131z, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar i\u00e7in ise Do\u011fuluyuz.\u201d ifadesiyle bu anlay\u0131\u015fa dikkat \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Olumsuz Alg\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2000\u2019li y\u0131llara do\u011fru d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki T\u00fcrk imaj\u0131, daha \u00e7ok bir ba\u015fka ulusla k\u0131yaslanarak in\u015fa edildi. \u00d6rne\u011fin; 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na destek olma amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi K\u0131br\u0131s Bar\u0131\u015f Harekat\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya kamuoyunda \u201cbarbar, i\u015fgalci\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterildi ve b\u00f6ylelikle Bat\u0131 tahayy\u00fcl\u00fcndeki T\u00fcrk imaj\u0131na dair olan kolektif bellek tekrardan devreye girdi. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek ise 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki politikalar\u0131 ile ters d\u00fc\u015fen d\u00f6nemin Libya Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Muammer Kaddafi, 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda BBC\u2019ye verdi\u011fi bir deme\u00e7te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki politikas\u0131nda \u0131srar etmesi halinde kendi topraklar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk \u015firketleri yerine Yunan \u015firketlerine istihdam sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanan birtak\u0131m geli\u015fmeler ile T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman imaj\u0131na dair olan olumsuz alg\u0131 daha da k\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin; T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130ngiliz siyaset\u00e7i Boris Johnson\u2019un \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ilmesi, \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir siyaset\u00e7i olan Hamza Yusuf\u2019un Ba\u015fbakan olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131 bu imaja marjinal bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fim katt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy Edit\u00f6r: Ya\u011fmur Sertkaya Bir ki\u015finin yahut milletin zihninde canlanan tasvir olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan imaj kavram\u0131, ans\u0131z\u0131n olmaktan ziyade belli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olay ve olgular\u0131n etkisiyle bireysel veya toplumsal olarak zihinlerde olu\u015fur. Tarih boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ya\u015fanan hadiseler zincirinde Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kolektif belle\u011finde geli\u015fen \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk \u0130maj\u0131\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":22454,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"double-sidebar","sidebar":"single-left","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"1"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,25,1,159,34,178,30,35],"tags":[2883,2885,742,2882,2884],"class_list":["post-22453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","category-egitim","category-genel","category-sag-manset","category-universite","category-fakultemizden","category-kultur-sanat","category-yasam","tag-bati","tag-imaj","tag-tarih","tag-turk-imaji","tag-turkler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22453\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}