{"id":22680,"date":"2024-03-11T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/?p=22680"},"modified":"2024-03-07T16:42:20","modified_gmt":"2024-03-07T13:42:20","slug":"batinin-doguya-baktigi-mercek-oryantalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/11\/batinin-doguya-baktigi-mercek-oryantalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131’n\u0131n Do\u011fu’ya Bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mercek: Oryantalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edit\u00f6r: Ya\u011fmur Sertkaya<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle 18.yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren pop\u00fcler hale gelen ve pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya konu olan Oryantalizm, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019yu anlama \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u201c\u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla beraber Filistinli yazar Edward Said\u2019in 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Oryantalizm <\/em>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 ile bu kavram modern d\u00fcnyada ilk kez bu denli bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u015fekil ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u201cDo\u011fu\u2019yu Aray\u0131\u015f ve Do\u011fu\u2019yu Anlamak\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. yy.’da Cluny Tarikat\u0131, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 entelekt\u00fcel bir seviyede incelemek ad\u0131na terc\u00fcme heyeti olu\u015fturdu. Bu geli\u015fmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131l sonra \u2013 1312\u2019de \u2013 Viyana Konsili\u2019nde al\u0131nan kararlar sonucunda Paris, Oxford, Bologna gibi Avrupa \u015fehirlerinde Arap\u00e7a, Grek\u00e7e, \u0130branice ve S\u00fcryanice ara\u015ft\u0131rma k\u00fcrs\u00fclerinin kurulmas\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019ya dair aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde Bat\u0131l\u0131 Devletlerin Do\u011fu ile siyasi ve ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmesi, pek \u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 seyyah veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin Do\u011fu\u2019ya seyahatlerini artt\u0131rmas\u0131 ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi R\u00f6nesans ve Reform hareketleri ile birlikte Avrupa\u2019daki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha da g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019ya daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve objektif yakla\u015fmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. ve 17.yy itibariyle Bat\u0131l\u0131 sanatkar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, Do\u011fu\u2019ya dair pek \u00e7ok eser verdi. Matbaan\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve haberle\u015fmenin daha da kolayla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Bat\u0131\u2019da Oryantalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler daha da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan zamanla daha da ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara konu olmas\u0131 Boulainvilliers ve Voltaire gibi ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n ilgi alanlar\u0131na girdi. Bu gibi isimler Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa do\u011frudan y\u00f6neltemedi\u011fi ele\u015ftirileri \u0130slam \u00fczerinden dolayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek ise Frans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Montesquieu\u2019nun 1721\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ran Mektuplar\u0131 <\/em>eseriyle Do\u011fu\u2019ya dair detayl\u0131 bir tahlilde bulunmas\u0131 ve eserin ba\u015f karakterleri Uzbek ile Rica \u00fczerinden \u00e7e\u015fitli Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu tasvirlerinde bulunarak pek \u00e7ok ayd\u0131n gibi dolayl\u0131 yoldan i\u011fnelemelerde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman i\u00e7erisinde Habsburglu Maria Theresa\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fimleriyle Do\u011fu \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri, Sir William Jones\u2019\u0131n \u201cBengal Do\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\u201d, Napolyon\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r y\u0131llar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve bilimini incelemek \u00fczere \u201cM\u0131s\u0131r Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezleri kurularak Avrupa taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu daha s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 16.ve 17.yy\u2019a nazaran daha s\u0131k seyahatlerde bulunan Bat\u0131l\u0131 oryantalistler, b\u00f6lgedeki izlenimlerini eserlerine yans\u0131tarak yepyeni bir oryantalist ak\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Fakat 19.yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen sanayi devrimleri ve kapitalist ak\u0131mlar Bat\u0131\u2019daki romantik havan\u0131n etkisini kaybetmesine sebep oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine Avrupal\u0131 sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, K\u0131ta\u2019n\u0131n buhran\u0131ndan etkilenmemek ad\u0131na icra ettikleri sanatlar\u0131nda Do\u011fu\u2019dan yararland\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem itibariyle Bat\u0131\u2019da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren romantizm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, oryantalist tasvirlere yans\u0131d\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Frans\u0131z ressam Ingres\u2019in T\u00fcrk Hamam\u0131 <\/em>adl\u0131 tablosunda keyif ve erotizm, \u0130ngiliz ressam ve mimar William Helmon Hunt\u2019\u0131n Fenercinin Fl\u00f6rt\u00fc <\/em>eserinde ise erkek egemenli\u011fi ve kad\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fck resmedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u201cModern Oryantalizmin \u0130ki \u00d6nemli \u0130simlerinden: Sacy ve Renan\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

19.yy\u2019\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 sonras\u0131 daha kurumsal bir kimlik kazanan Oryantalizm \u00fczerine Fransa\u2019da kurulan \u201cDo\u011fu Dilleri ve Medeniyetleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ile daha kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zellikle oryantalizmin \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen Silvestre De Sacy, enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7tikten sonra \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130slam bilgini \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un Mukkaddime <\/em>adl\u0131 eserinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Frans\u0131zcaya \u00e7evirdi. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra enstit\u00fcde Arap\u00e7a dersleri verdi ve 1830\u2019da Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Cezayir\u2019i i\u015fgalinin ard\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Cezayir halk\u0131na hitaben yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiriyi Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evirdi. Daha sonras\u0131nda da Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Do\u011fu ile ilgili sorunlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k Sacy\u2019ye dan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 onun pop\u00fclaritesini daha da arttt\u0131rd\u0131 ve kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile \u201cModern Oryantalizm\u201din kurucular\u0131ndan biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silvestre De Sacy\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra oryantalizm ak\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir isim olan Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i ve filolog Ernest Renan, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile bu kavrama dair \u00f6nemli saptamalarda bulundu. Gen\u00e7 ya\u015flarda tahsilini bir Katolik okulunda tamamlamas\u0131 fakat ilerleyen y\u0131llarda dini e\u011fitimini yar\u0131da b\u0131rakarak ilmi alanda kendini geli\u015ftirmeye karar vermesi ile ilerleyen y\u0131llarda tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 oryantalizm kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olacakt\u0131. Daha sonra hat\u0131ratlar\u0131nda belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere \u0130ncil\u2019i okurken fazlas\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fki ve hatalar fark etti\u011fini ifade etti. \u0130lmi alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Protestanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7ti ve din adam\u0131 olma karar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti. 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok noktas\u0131nda patlak veren Sosyalist \u0130htilali\u2019nden derinden etkilenen Renan, bu olaylar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan tek inanc\u0131n\u0131n ilim oldu\u011funu ve insanlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n yine ilim yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1860 L\u00fcbnan olaylar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale ama\u00e7l\u0131 Beyrut\u2019a gidecek olan Frans\u0131z kuvvetlerine kat\u0131lmaya karar veren Ernest Renan, L\u00fcbnan\u2019da arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar yapmakla g\u00f6revlendirildi. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu pek \u00e7ok eseri Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcren Renan, ayn\u0131 zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sosyolojik tespitler ile \u00f6nemli iddialarda bulundu. B\u00f6lgedeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a vahim oldu\u011funu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla L\u00fcbnan co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n zamanda T\u00fcrklerin elinden \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 zamanda gen\u00e7li\u011finde okudu\u011fu \u0130ncil\u2019deki tasvirleri Filistin co\u011frafyas\u0131nda tecr\u00fcbe etmesi \u00fczerine \u0130ncil\u2019e bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti. 1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda arkeolojik kaz\u0131lardan elde etti\u011fi eserler ile Fransa\u2019ya geri d\u00f6nen Ernest Renan, getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu tarihi eserleri Louvre M\u00fczesi\u2019ne teslim etti. Bu geli\u015fmeler ilerleyen y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki oryantalist \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fcbnan seferinden 4 y\u0131l sonra M\u0131s\u0131r, L\u00fcbnan, Suriye, Yunanistan ve Anadolu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f bir Do\u011fu yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kan Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bizzat bulundu. Bu co\u011frafyada M\u0131s\u0131r ile Fenike Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinde durdu ve kanaatlerini kesinle\u015ftirdi. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan s\u0131ras\u0131yla L\u00fcbnan, Filistin, Suriye, Antakya, Atina, \u0130zmir ve \u0130stanbul\u2019u gezdi ve g\u00f6zlemler yapt\u0131. Her ne kadar \u0130stanbul\u2019un manzaras\u0131na hayran kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtse de \u0130stanbul halk\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz ele\u015ftiriler Renan\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00fczerine in\u015fa etti\u011fi olumsuz fikirlerin yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Bu seyahatinden sonra Do\u011fu\u2019ya dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Oryantalizm <\/em>eserinde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ifadelere yer verdi. M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131nda \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u0130\u015fgali\u201dne kar\u015f\u0131 gerekirse \u0130ngilizlerin b\u00f6lgede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ye\u011fleyen Ernest Renan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca \u201cOnlar sadece kan d\u00f6kmesini bilir.\u201d ifadesini kulland\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Renan, 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sorbonne\u2019da verdi\u011fi konferansta Do\u011fu ve \u0130slam\u2019a dair olan sert ve radikal a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ile ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131n hedefi oldu. Ernest Renan\u2019\u0131n bu sald\u0131rgan ifadelerine kar\u015f\u0131 savunma olarak pek \u00e7ok ayd\u0131n baz\u0131 eserler kaleme ald\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Nam\u0131k Kemal 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Renan M\u00fcdafaanamesi\u2019ni<\/em> (1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda o\u011flu Ali Ekrem Bolay\u0131r taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) kaleme al\u0131rken Cemaleddin Afgani, Ataullah Bayezidof,gibi isimler de Renan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 reddiye yazd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u201cKendi Hikayesi ve De\u011ferlerinden Yola \u00c7\u0131kan Yazar: Edward Said\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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Renan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve pek \u00e7ok oryantalistin Do\u011fu\u2019yu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tasvir etmeleri, 20.yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda ileti\u015fim alan\u0131nda ya\u015fanan pek \u00e7ok geli\u015fmeler ile birlikte daha geni\u015f toplumlara hitap edilmesine sebep oldu. \u00d6zellikle 1920\u2019lerde sineman\u0131n ve 1950\u2019lerde televizyonun yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Bat\u0131 toplumu kendisini Do\u011fu\u2019ya daha egemen bir \u015fekilde sundu. ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7ekilen filmler ve televizyona \u00fcretilen i\u00e7eriklerde Do\u011fu toplumunu \u201cbarbar, ilkel, sorunlu\u201d bir imajla servis etmeleri, Do\u011fu\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckselen olumsuz bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 20.yy\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yazarlar\u0131ndan Filistinli Edward Said, 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Oryantalizm <\/em>kitab\u0131 ile modern d\u00fcnyadaki bu anlay\u0131\u015fa dair en kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Said \u00f6ncelikle Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fta Ortado\u011fu olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu\u2019ya \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 bir mercekten bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerken bu merce\u011fi \u201cOryantalizm\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Filistinli yazar ayr\u0131ca bu konuyu ele almaya karar vermesinde iki \u00f6nemli etmen oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek bunlardan birincisinin 1973 Arap \u2013 \u0130srail Sava\u015f\u0131 ve bu sava\u015f ba\u011flam\u0131nda Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131nda Araplara dair olumsuz tasvirler oldu\u011funu belirtti. \u0130kinci olarak Arap as\u0131ll\u0131 bir birey olan Said, kendi \u0131rk\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki ile Bat\u0131 sanat\u0131 ve felsefesindeki \u201cDo\u011fu\u201dnun aras\u0131nda uyumsuzluk oldu\u011funu ifade etti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla beraber Edward Said, 1850\u2019lerde Paris veya Londra\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir bireyin M\u0131s\u0131r, Hindistan, Suriye gibi yerleri eserlerine konu ederken ger\u00e7eklerden uzak olma ihtimalinin bir hayli y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131. Bunun nedeninin ise Do\u011fu\u2019yu bizzat g\u00f6rmek yerine ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yaz\u0131lan eserlerden yola \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filistinli yazar Said, kitab\u0131nda Amerikan Oryantalizmi ile Avrupa Oryantalizmi aras\u0131ndaki farklara de\u011findi. Edward Said\u2019e g\u00f6re ikisi aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark; Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n tarihte Do\u011fu\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu ve buralarda uzun y\u0131llar bulunarak b\u00f6lgeye dair tecr\u00fcbeler edindi\u011fini ancak Amerikanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019da hi\u00e7bir zaman toprak sahibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Do\u011fu\u2019ya dair bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n dolayl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlad\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla beraber ABD \u2013 \u0130srail aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131 m\u00fcttefiklik sebebiyle Amerikan Oryantalizminin siyasal bir kimlik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fakat Avrupa Oryantalizminin daha \u00e7ok sosyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir altyap\u0131ya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Haber: Kaan A\u011f\u0131rsoy Edit\u00f6r: Ya\u011fmur Sertkaya \u00d6zellikle 18.yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren pop\u00fcler hale gelen ve pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya konu olan Oryantalizm, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019yu anlama \u00e7abas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u201c\u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla beraber Filistinli yazar Edward Said\u2019in 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Oryantalizm adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 ile bu kavram modern d\u00fcnyada ilk kez bu denli bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":22681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"double-sidebar","sidebar":"single-left","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"1"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,25,1,30,35],"tags":[2888,2976,2977,468,2975],"class_list":["post-22680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","category-egitim","category-genel","category-kultur-sanat","category-yasam","tag-edward-said","tag-ernest-renan","tag-kaan-agirsoy","tag-oryantalizm","tag-sark"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22680"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22680\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iletim.istanbul.edu.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}